Thermodynamics 1 by hipolito sta. maria pdf

The weight o,f a body means the force of gravity F, on the lrody. Whatistheweightofakg-manatstandardcondi- lb. The weight of an object is 50 lb. EB lb- L74 ft P 4. Note that the gravity acceleration at equatorial sea level 3.

Find the height in miles above this point for which a [oo eim, weighs 15 poundals; mo weight-g. I I r,,, rn an atop the 29,ft, Mt. Everest in Tibet, relative to this por rr L'? B miles " -- t. What is the specific weight of,water at standard condi. Also, find the weight of Hg or Hg at 32"F, or 1"4. Measuring Pressure Solution 1. The link- age causes the sector to rotate. The sector engages a small pinion gear. The index hand moves with the pinion gear.

A vertical column of water will be supported to what lrcight by standard atmospheric pressure. Find the pressure at the base of the column. If the liquid used in the barometer is mercury, the atmos- T.. Find the absolute pressure in psia, and 'rr kPa.

Given the barometric pressure of L4. Hg vacuum to in. Hg gage to psia, to torrs, and to pa. Derive th. Solution t. F Conservation of Mass Absolute zero temperature is the temperature at which all 'l'lr.

Absolute temperature will be denoted by T, thus 'l'lr,r. Aru, -[. What is the mass in grams and the weight in dynes and Local gis 9. A mass of 0"10 slug in space is subjected to an external Decrcased in height ffi vertical force of4 lb. Find its mass in lb, slugs, and kg and its gravita- l. A lunar excursion module LEM weights [r kg, on r. What will be its weight on the rrrrrface of the moon where B.

On the surface of the ,noon, what will be the force in kg, and in newtons required to ',,'ttlerate the module at 10 mps2? The mass of a fluid and g is F,Ig absolute; topside it read Hg absolute. Assume that the average atmosphdric air density was 0. A vacuum gauge mounted on a condenser reads 0. What is the absolute pressure in the condenser in kPa when the atmospheric pressure is Convert the following readings of pressure to kPa abso- lute, assuming that the barometer reads mm ltrg: a 90 cm The gravitational potential energ:y of a body is its energy Hg gage; b 40 cm Hgvacuum; c psiS; d 8 in.

Hg vpcuum, due to its position or elevation. Hg gage. Calculate a the mass flow'rate and b the speed at section 2. If a pump discharges 75 gpm of water whose specifrc weiglit is Therefore, the total work Classificati.

During a steady flow process, the pressure of the work- i. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of mass ing substance drops from to 20 psia, the speed incneases from to fps, the internal energy ofthe opeh system de.

No heat is transferred. Sketch an energy diagram. The state of"the working substance at any point'in the Determine the work per lb.

Is it done on or by the substance? An air compressor an open system receives kgper rr r r l of air at The nr r" llrws steady through the compressor and is discharged at frrllf l-r kPa and 0. Sketch an enerry diagram. Compute the work. The diameter of the w ,,. What is the work?

Heat is lost to the surioundings at the rate of 0. If, the rate of steam flow throughthe turbine is 0. I of work is done by Review Problems The inlet fric' is 32 m above the floor, and the discharge pipe is at floor level. Assuming that there are no heat effects and no The discharge conditions are 0. In flowing through this apparatus, does the a;;til, deleting energy terms fPs l specific internal energy increase or decrease, and by how Ans.

A reciproc"ti"e di"pressor draws in cubic feet per Ans. Neglect change in kinetic energy' Ans. Determine the work' Ans. The internal energy of the air leaving is 90 greater t[an that of the air entering.

Compute the work in kW. R for acetylene is It contains sir rrl psig and 85"F. How many l-cu ft drums can bc fillcd '. The drurns have been silting 1. A drum 6 in.

It is planned to lift and move logs from almost inacces- 1. Helium at atmospheric pressure What 6inims6 balloon diameter assumo. TVo vessels A and B of different sizes are connected by solving equations L and 2 simultaneously a pipe with a valve. Vessel A contains L42L of air at2, What is the volume of vessel B?

Joule's law states that "the change of internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of only the temperature change. K" a Find and k. I process. Any process that is not reversible is irreversible. An automobile tire is inflated to g2 psig pressurs at 60"F. Alter being driven the temperature rise to zb"F.

Deter- mine the final gage pressure assuming the volume remaina constant. If fts ofatJnospheric air at zero Fahrenheit tenpera- lrlrj"" compressed to a volume of 1 fts at a temperaiuoe or? A ft3 tank co-ntains gas at a pressure of b00 psia, l. Heat was applied "og"d and the I. Find the nnd weight. Four hundred cubic centimeters of a gas at?

Determine a the mass tire of air escaping eer lr l. ArrH a 0. An automobile tire contains cu in. If the tire is inflexible, what is the resulting percentage increase in gage pressure?

A spherical balloon is 40 f,t in diameter and surrou Constant Volume process by zrir at 60"F and Does it have half the lifting force? R for hydrogen is What is the volume of 'l tank? R for CO is '. Isometric Process by Determine a AU, b cn, c R. R'; c There are 1. During the proc tlie gas is internally stirred and there are also added '5 of heat. Solution :t. A group of 50 persons attended a secret meeting irr rr ,,u,rrr which is 12 meters wide by 10 meters long and a ce ilirrll ill ,l rneters.

The room has an initial presstrrc ol' 2 lo t tt hPa and temperature of 16"c. A closed constant-vorum,e system receives r0. I of lrrrddle work. The system. Find the t eat gain or loss e nnat f k.

A l-hp stirring motor is applied to a tank contai t lt There are compressed g. Determine a the con-uentional volumetricefliclency, "t" heat rejected, c the work; and d the XW inpui by tfd 9ltlt. Bbb6 , 0. Indicated work d w a o" Conventional Cards,. Problems l. Fi"h trr" di-splacement of each cylinder for the condi- tions : of part b. BBi lTga. B psia and gb,r to a final pressurer tf I gn psia'. Hg and the tempern t rr ro is 80"F. The pressure drop in the intercooler is B paiand th, temperature of the air at the exit of the intercooler is g0,,1.

Ths temperature of the cooling water increase by iA F". High pressure cylinde v ": eg? Solution p m lke Pr A reciprocating compressor and c isentropic. A 14 x L2-in. The suction pressure and temperature arc14 psia and t00oF, respectively. The discharge pressure is 42 psia. Compression and expansion processes are polytropic, with n - 1. Determine a the volumetric effrciency, b the mass and volume at suction conditions handled each minute, c the work, d the heat rejected, e the indicated air.

If the overail adiabatic efficiency is 6rvo, d"t"r-i. From a testjf an. E x Bb, b cm receive, O. S6 pe r-mirrute of air at Because of their temrise, the gases expand and enter the ryTlure turbine 3' After expansion through the turbine, the exhaustin state t.

In an ordinary powor'r:r. Substituttuig equations 2 and 4 in 1. I ttre pressure ratio 1. Tfttnb f-,, -lt -l r. LpJ ll: ""' v1 4. Home current Explore. Home Thermodynamics 1 By Hipolito Sta. Maria optimized Thermodynamics 1 By Hipolito Sta. Maria optimized as PDF for free. Words: 20, Pages: Cycles 81 Camot Cycle, Three-process Cycle. The author expects to help the engineering students in such a way that learning would be easy and effective, and praetical enough for workshop practice and understanding.

Chapters 1 and 2 present the development of the first la'ar of thermodynamics, and energy analysis of ope:r systems Jhapters 3 and 4 give a presentatign of equation of state and involvingideal gases. The second law of thermodynamics andits applications to different thermodynamic cycles are discussed in Chapters 5 and 6. Chapter 8 develops the Brayton eycle which can be omitted if sufficient time is not available. The Author vll 1 I Basic Ppq"iples, Concepts and Definitions Thermodynamics is that branch of the physical sciences that treats of various phenomena of energ-Jr and the related properties ofmatter, especially of the laws of transformation of heat into other forrns of energy and vice versa.

Systems of Units Newton's law states that 'the aceeleration of a particular body is directly proportional to the resultantforce acting on and inversely proportional to its mass. L74 fVs2 1 g force accelerates a I g mass at The weight o,f a body means the force of gravity F, on the lrody. Acceleration A unit of force is one that produces unit acceleration in a body of unit mass. The weight of an object is 50 lb. What is its mass at standard condition?

Fivemassesinaregionwheretheaceelerationdueto grr"itv i. EB lb- ils ]! Find the height in miles above this point for which llr:, gravity acceleration becomes B miles o. What is the specific weight of,water at standard condi. Two Iiquids of different The standard reference atmospheric pressure is mm Hg or Hg at 32"F, or 1"4. Measuring Pressure Solution 1. The linkage causes the sector to rotate.

The sector engages a small pinion gear. The index hand moves with the pinion gear. The whole mechanism is of course enclosed in a case, and a gpaduated dial, from which the pressure is read, and is placed under the index hand. Find the pressure at the base of the column. A vertical column of water will be supported to what lrcight by standard atmospheric pressure.

Find the absolute p". A pressure gage regrsters 40 psig in a region where the l,irrometer is Find the absolute pressure in psia, and 'rr kPa. Given the barometric pressure of L4. Hg abs , make these conversions: a 80 psig to psia and to atmosphere, b 20 in. Hg vacuum to in. Hg abg and to psia, c 10 psia to psi vacuum and to Pa, d 15 in.

Hg gage to psia, to torrs, and to pa. Derive th. Absolute zero temperature is the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases. Conservation of Mass 'l'lr. Local gis 9. A mass of 0"10 slug in space is subjected to an external vertical force of4 lb. Find its mass in lb, slugs, and kg and its gravital.

A lunar excursion module LEM weights [r kg, on r. What will be its weight on the rrrrrface of the moon where B. On the surface of the ,noon, what will be the force in kg, and in newtons required to ',,'ttlerate the module at 10 mps2?

Find a the specific volume, b the c the total volume. On 20 2l the ground level, the barometer read F,Ig absolute; topside it read Hg absolute. Assume that the average atmosphdric air density was 0. A vacuum gauge mounted on a condenser reads 0. What is the absolute pressure in the condenser in kPa when the atmospheric pressure is Convert the following readings of pressure to kPa absolute, assuming that the barometer reads mm ltrg: a 90 cm Hg gage; b 40 cm Hgvacuum; c psiS; d 8 in.

Hg vpcuum, and e 76 in. Hg gage. A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between two sections in a flow line. Calculate a the mass flow'rate and b the speed at section 2. Cnnservation of Energy The area und. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of mass within the sYstem' 2. There is neitier accumulation nor diminution of energy within the sYstem 3.

The state of"the working substance at any point'in the system remains constant' Problems t. During a steady flow process, the pressure of the working substance drops from to 20 psia, the speed incneases from to fps, the internal energy ofthe opeh system de.

No heat is transferred. Sketch an energy diagram. Determine the work per lb. Is it done on or by the substance? Steam is supplied to afully loaded hp ftsAb and u'. An air compressor an open system receives kgper r r l of air at The nr r" llrws steady through the compressor and is discharged at frrllf l-r kPa and 0. The diameter of the inlet pipe to the pump is. What is the work? Heat is lost to the surioundings at the rate of 0. If, the rate of steam flow throughthe turbine is 0. The total heat loss between the inlet and discharge ie g kJlkg of fluid.

In flowing through this apparatus, does the specific internal energy increase or decrease, and by how rnuch? A reciproc"ti"e di"pressor draws in cubic feet per ft and discharges it mir'rte of air whose density is 0. Neglect change in kinetic energy' Ans. I of work is done by The inlet is 32 m above the floor, and the discharge pipe is at floor level. Steam enters a turbine stage with an enthalpy of g k. Determine the work' Ans. The internal energy of the air leaving is 90 greater t[an that of the air entering.

Compute the work in kW. R for acetylene is A drum 6 in. After some ofthe acetylene I -t 3rl 'l'lrc volume of a 6 x ft tank is It contains psig and 85"F. How many l-cu ft drums can bc fillcd l' rru 1rrr1. It is planned to lift and move logs from almost inaccessible forest qery by means of balloons. Helium at atmospheric pressure What 6inims6 balloon diameter assumo spherical shape will be required for a gross lifting force of 20 metric tons?

TVo vessels A and B of different sizes are connected by a pipe with a valve. Vessel A contains L42L of air at2, Vessel B, of unknown volume, contains air at What is the volume of vessel B?